Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1963 Words

I. AUTHOR AUTHOR BACKGROUND 1. Mary Shelley was born on August 30th, 1797 in London, England by the name of Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin. Her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, was a famous feminist, but unfortunately died shortly after Shelley s birth. William Godwin, her father, raised her and her half sister. A tension grew between her and her family when her father remarried and had another child. She loved to daydream and was a very imaginative child. In 1814, Mary fell in love and ran away with Percy Shelley. In the mean time, and at the age of 21, she wrote her novel Frankenstein. Shelley and her husband, as of 1816, attempted to have children several times, and finally succeeded with Percy Florence, who was the only one to live to adulthood. Unfortunately, her husband drowned just 3 years after their son s birth. (Mary Shelley Bio. AE Television Networks, 2015) In Frankenstein, Elizabeth s mother dies giving birth to her and Dr. Frankenstein s mother passes when he was only a teenager. Mary also had a rough start in life, but both she and her characters still remained full of life and found interest in dreams, studies, and their imaginations. However, Victor and Mary continue to experience death after death throughout their entire lives. Mary Shelley might have intentionally made the audience sympathize with the monster as well because she put her pain and loneliness from her experiences into his character. II. GOTHIC NOVEL 1. A gothic novel is an EnglishShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. The novel caught the world off guard in the way that a female was able to write about such harsh, dark, and evil things in a European society whose authors like John Locke and Charles Montesquieu preached enlightenment, self exploration, and individualism all in an optimistic enablingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1615 Words   |  7 Pagesa whole and how accurate a depiction they might think it to be, they will miss out on many of the qualities of the painting that reside below the immediately apparent surface level. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a text dedicated to expounding upon the dangers of such superficial analysis. In Franken stein, Mary Shelley openly condemns the surface level and appearance oriented methodology under which the human mind operates. The very protagonist of the novel is inspired solely by reputation and howRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1758 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein was published over 200 years ago. Ever since it was published, it has been one of the most famous books known to literature. History.com Staff states that this book, by 21-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, is frequently called the world’s first science fiction novel (History.com Staff). According to Wikipedia, Shelley was an English novelist. She was born August 30th, 1797. She died on February 1st, 1951 (Wikipedia). Shelley came up with the idea of Frankenstein as she andRead MoreBiblical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1376 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature 16 November 2015 Biblical Analysis: Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley often refers to the bible on a number of occasions. However, it is worth noting that many references used by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein can often be identified in Genesis. Much like Genesis, the story of Frankenstein is a viable creation story. The book of Genesis first explains the creation of man and woman, and also recounts the fall of humanity. Unlike Genesis, Frankenstein begins with the fall of humanityRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Frankenstein1410 Words   |  6 Pagescompassion and sympathy through the love of a person whom cares very deeply about them. In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, the three main characters Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein (The Monster) are shown throughout the story, longing and in search for a companion. Throughout the story, the characters struggle with the battle of wanting either sympathy or compassion from a person or both. Mary Shelley shows the true indication of Human Nature by showing the importance of sympathy andRead MoreAnalysis of Mary Shelley ´s Frankenstein991 Words   |  4 Pagesalive. If it can learn, eventually speak, or came about because of another, it’s a person. The Creature of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is no exception. Victor’s creation needs nourishment, education, and morals, which should be provided by it’s creator, it’s parent, just like any other child. The way that needs of an individual are met shapes the outcome of their life. In her novel, Shelley demonstrates this impact that parents have on their child’s life through the contrasting upbringing of VictorRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1701 Words   |  7 Pages Frankenstein is a novel that is practically devoid of any female presence, yet author Mary Shelley pens a story that is lush with portrayals of feminine ideology. Throughout the course of this novel, the audience is introduced to three different female characters. The first is Elizabeth Lavenza— Victor Frankenstein’s wife. She is presented as a passive and weak woman who embodies the traditional role of women in the 19th century. Caroline Beaufort is present in the novel, but her role is limitedRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1038 Words   |  5 PagesAlexi Torres English III Dr. W.W. Allman December 1, 2015 Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s, Frankenstein, she shows that good people can turn evil, but are not born this way. Humans being rude and isolating someone can make a person go insane and do things they are not proud of. Shelley shows this through the creature that Frankenstein creates and gives examples showing his evilness, but also shows that the creature tries to explain many times that he wants a friend and cannot find one becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1088 Words   |  5 PagesCreature’s Argument In the novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, the Creature s only need is for a female companion, which he asks Victor Frankenstein his maker to create. Shelley shows the argument between the creature and Frankenstein. The creature says: I demand a creature of another sex, but as hideous as myself (Shelley 139). Shelley shows what the creature wants from Frankenstein and what his needs are. Shelley gives us an idea of the sympathy that Frankenstein might feel for the creature evenRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wretch Frankenstein is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley about a peculiar scientist named Victor Frankenstein. Victor, who is a scientist endeavoring to make history, engenders a monstrous but attentive creature in an eccentric scientific experiment. The monster that he engenders faces abnegation and fear from his creator and society. The monster is the worst kind of scientific experiment gone awry. The creature has compassion for society but additionally wants to take revenge on

A Debate On The Morality Of Abortion - 1575 Words

The reason I would define the term human this way is as follows. If you have two groups of objects which are similar but separate you define these two groups by the defining characteristics. Take for example mammals and birds both are warm-blooded some of each can fly. All birds lay eggs and one species of mammal does as well. A defining characteristic though is that every mammal has hair and no bird does. The same thing goes the other way, every bird has feathers no mammal does. What characteristic then separates humans from non-human animals? The characteristic that makes sense to me and that has moral significance is clearly our ability to love, to put the needs of others before ourselves, and do it regardless of the personnel cost. Without this ability we would not even be having a debate on the morality of abortion. Thus I am arguing that the human ability to love and have a moral compass is what gives us our inherent value. Some might object that I added the potential clause to the sentence â€Å"To be human is to be at once a member of the species Homo sapiens and to have at the very least the potential to love and have a moral compass.† just that it might include the unborn. This is not the case, it is necessary because the unborn aren’t the only humans that have the potential and yet don’t exercise this potential. It was added not only to encompass fetuses but also to encompass the Psychopaths as well as the handicapped as well and therefore reflect realty. A PsychopathShow MoreRelatedLaws Influence on Morals1738 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the traditional societies Emile wrote about. A modern community is multicultural and pluralistic which means that is not possible to have one ‘’collective conscience’’ and common morality. Morality and law are often connected to one another because the two sometimes overlap. Sometimes both the law and morality reflect the social norms and guide people on how they should behave. For example Lord Devlin said that the law should intervene when society will tolerate certain behaviors. We can seeRead MoreAbortion (Marry Anne Warren â€Å"on the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion, † and â€Å"Utilitarianism.†)1611 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is the process by which an embryo or fetus is removed from the uterus, resulting in the termination of a pregnancy. Natural or non induced abortions are commonly known as miscarriages. Abortion has had a long and passionate history. It has been induced through various methods ranging from, herbal medicines, and the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods. The different legal and cultural views on abortion differ around the world, and in many regions of theRead MoreRelativism and Morality: A nalysis of Lenn Goodmans Some Moral Minima995 Words   |  4 PagesRelativism and Morality: Analysis of Lenn Goodmans Some Moral Minima In Some Moral Minima, Lenn Goodman argues that there are certain things that are simply wrong, which presents the platform for a heated debate to arise as to whether this notion is right or wrong. In the context of modern society, relativism has always had a place, especially in the forming of societal and behavioral norms to which those in a certain society are expected to comply. However, on a smaller individual level,Read MoreAbortion : An Argument Of Moral Idealism1650 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is one of the most heavily debated subject matters in the United States today. Most people characterize themselves as either â€Å"pro-life† or â€Å"pro choice† depending on their position of morality. However, others can align themselves more in the middle and judge the morality as an outsider, finding it entirely possible for one to be â€Å"pro-life† but still believe that abortion is immoral. When examining this issue from a utilitarian point of view, one must consider the morality of the actionRead MoreSocial Perspectives On Abortion And Abortion1291 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Perspectives on Abortion Angelica Haro California State University Fullerton Sociology 308, Fall 2015 Social Perspectives on Abortion Introduction The abortion question raises a number of issues that form the core of the abortion debate. Opponents and supporters of abortions have been battling over this particular problem for decades and still cannot come to an agreement. Being one of the most common and most controversial medical procedures, abortion tends to affect peopleRead MoreAbortion And Birth Control : Pro Choice And Pro Life Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pages Different Arguments for Different Ends Shana Meyer December 7, 2016 â€Æ' Different Arguments for Different Ends Abortion and birth control have long served as very heated, very debated topics, especially in the equal rights movement. Groups on both sides of the dispute have made strong arguments either in support of or against a woman’s right to use birth control and/or seek an abortion. Interestingly, many of the arguments share very similar foundational thoughts but are used to suggest very differentRead MoreThe Debate Over The Abortion Debate1097 Words   |  5 PagesIt is no surprise that the abortion debate has once again have brought into the mainstream focus this year. Yet, this time around the age old debate is now attacking organizations that offer such procedures, vilifying the entire organization for only one service it offers. This vilification has continuously gained momentum for ages, but it was the attack upon Planned Parenthood earlier this year that has brought the debate to head once again. Recently Pro-Life groups took up arms to destroy the organizationRead MoreMora lity Of Abortion s Argument1207 Words   |  5 Pages Morality of Abortion Counter-Argument Kyle Pedigo PHI 103: Informal Logic Micheal Pelt August 29, 2015 â€Æ' Morality of Abortion This paper is written to present a counter argument. This is a counter argument to a debate that has been around for a very long time and likely will not go away any time soon. The topic I will be covering is: Does the stage of pregnancy affect the morality of abortion? In my opinion I have to say no. But, my opinion is not the subject of this paper. My original argumentRead MoreThe Moral Issue Of Abortion987 Words   |  4 PagesMoral Issue of Abortion There are many moral topics people can chose to debate about. One of the most popular ones is abortion and whether it is morally right or if it is morally wrong. Personally I believe abortion is morally wrong. The main reason is taking another persons life. There are many causes and outcomes that can take place. First, the main point of sexual intercourse is reproduction so if the two people create a child they are morally in charge of protecting the new life being createdRead MoreKant s Ethical Theory Of Abortion Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy 5. What do you think Kant’s ethical theory tells us about the morality or immorality of abortion? Is it clear what utilitarianism tells us about abortion or euthanasia? Throughout the previous thirty-eight years ago since the U.S Supreme Court legalized abortion as a medical procedure, the topic of abortion has spurned several heated debates both socially and politically. In such a heightened contemporary context, it would be rather appropriate to consider the moral application of Immanuel

Relational Database Management System (Dbms) Free Essays

Running head: TERM PROJECT Term Project and Proposal Name: University: Course: Date of submission: Abstract Business corporations often require summarized pieces of data in the form of pivot tables for efficient and strategic decision-making. However, the use of pivot tables poses certain data storage problems especially in the light of the need to have the formulas stored with data. This paper presents one data storage situation where using pivot tables for summarizing data was unsuitable because the storage was done using a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet, stored in XLS format. We will write a custom essay sample on Relational Database Management System (Dbms) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The project purposes to implement the data storage using a database management system, in this case, Microsoft Access to address the problem Purpose and goal of this project To develop an improved data storage system using Microsoft Access 2010 as the Relational Database Management System (DBMS) that would make generation of Pivot Tables and charts easy while proving other benefits to the business. The database will replace the Microsoft XLS file format for storing the data and the benefit of database normalization will be realized. This includes reduced data redundancy and enhanced manipulation of data for decision-making and presentation. Users and Administrators The database system shall have many users. The database administrator, known as DBA in short, will carry the tasks of managing and supporting the database system through giving access rights to other users, acquisition of database resources, and coordination and monitoring of the users of the database. The actual developer or designer of this database would identify what important data needs to be stored in the database system, and select the appropriate database structures for representing the data in a relational model. The end users mainly query, generate reports, and update the database. This is where the sales manager belongs. We may also have parametric end users who depend on pre-programmed tools for committing certain transactions using the database. This would be users like cashiers. Current data storage implementation A sales manager had stored some useful sales data in a spreadsheet format and wanted help on creating summary data and visual representation using charts. According to the sales manager, pivot tables could do the summary he needed but could not work out exactly how to achieve this. He used conditional formatting to ensure that cell backgrounds are automatically colored based on the input values. He ensured that when an employee worked away from the office, he entered wa in the column for that employee on that day. When an employee worked at home, he entered wh, and when he/she was off-duty, he entered o against that employee. The problem with this data storage is that each employee is set up in a manner that one of the three statuses (o, wa, or wh) could be entered per day. Of course, this appears convenient enough for rapid data entry and pointing out the status of each staff each date. Nevertheless, this approach leaves each employee acting as an independent variable instead of varying values or classes of the variable Employee. The storage, for instance, disregards Al, Clara, or Joel as the Employee entity, not both. This is similar to storing data in a report generated from a database instead of storing such data in a database table. Consequently, this poses a challenge when attempting to summarize data by means of just one pivot table. This means the values for one employee do not relate to the other employee. Even though it is possible to distinguish two employees, more than two employees represent a challenge in understanding their statuses and making summaries using a pivot table. Using a database to improve the process To develop an improved data storage system, we would store this data in one of the popular relational databases such as Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or MySQL database management system. It would then become easier for the sales manager (user) to produce the desired pivot table and consequently the needed summary data to aid decision-making. This paper implements the solution using Microsoft Access 2007. In this case, the table would have each Employee with the values such as Al and Clara, the Date with values like 1/05/2011, and the Status with values o, wh, and wa. This would result in several records per day but each record would represent only one Employee. With this form of normalization, it is possible and plain to create the desired pivot table. In fact, pivot tables generated from this normalized data would be able to answer questions like â€Å"which employee worked away on a certain day of the month? Unfortunately, though, this data is stored in a way that the user would not be able to see or even use it at times. There are many benefits of using a database over spreadsheets for storing this kind of data. The following is a list of some of these benefits to the sales business and users: * Database management systems provide for restricted access to * Databases help reduce or avoid data storage redundancy * Per sistent storage of data structures and useful program objects like queries and reports * Databases help enforce referential and standards Databases help in representing sophisticated relationship among vast amounts of data * DBMS provide for database backup and recovery Data elements to be involved: entities and attributes This database system will center on capturing employee details with respect to whether they worked on a certain day or not, and if they did work, in which mode. The database will have each record represent a certain employee every day / date. The key table entities would be Employee, Date, and Status. Contents of that table may include Employee Number, Employee name, Employment Date, Age, Gender, Contacts, Job Title, Department, and Retirement Age. These two tables would be helpful in producing the required information the sales manager needs for this project: to know who worked on what data and the mode of working. In addition, this would help to know who took leave when and how many employees took off in a certain day or month for instance. This database would have so much but we restrict ourselves to Employee related details for the purposes of meeting the desired goal. The database platform The chosen database platform is Microsoft Access 2010 mainly because this is a simple but powerful platform for rapid prototyping of this project. It provides most of the functionalities enterprise level systems like Oracle provide and perhaps at higher levels it may be necessary to upgrade the database to Oracle, SQL Server, or MySQL. Database normalization and design of actual tables The process of database normalization deals with functional dependency issues in the design of a database. Normalisation aims at avoiding three anomalises: insertion, update, and deletion that any database may face. There are several normal forms but the first three are the most important. In this context, the Employee details regarding department and status of work are independent entities and require separate tables. This gives the first normal form. When every field is properly placed in such a manner that the fields in a single table directly depend on the primary key, this gives the second normal form. This is the level this project attained. The following are the key fields that would perhaps belong to a single table under the un-normalized form: tblEmployee EmployeeID (PK Integer) FirstName LastName Department Date WorkStatus The first normal form would eliminate recurring values such as WorkStatus and Department column. The results in having two separate tables for recording employee details and attendance details as follows: tblEmployee EmployeeID (PK Integer) FirstName LastName tblAttendance AttendanceID (PK Autonumber) Date WorkStatus tblDepartment (PK Number) DeptID DeptName The following Entity Relationship Model shows the interrelationship between the three table objects: Employee, Department, and Attendance. There are three primary keys and two foreign keys. The primary key for table Department is labeled DeptID for uniquely identifying each department. The field takes a maximum of one digit (1 – 9) hoping the company does not have more than 9 departments. The field is auto-increment meaning it is auto-generated during registration of a department. The EmpID is the primary key for Employee entity and is Text with five digits e. g. 10874. The last primary key is the AttendanceID, which is auto-increment. The DeptID in tblEmployee is a foreign key to link tblEmployee with tblDepartment. EmpID in tblAttendance is also a foreign key for association with tblEmployee. This way, all the three tables are related and referential integrity and update integrity enforced. For the test data entered, the following pivot table employs filters based on the mode of working â€Å"wa†, â€Å"wh†, or â€Å"O’†. Filtering by â€Å"wa† gives: Moreover, a query that displays every aspect of an employee by joining the three tables is show hereunder: Documentation Double click the file â€Å"Employee Attendance DB. accdb† to open the database (Note: file opens with Microsoft Excel 2007/2010 only]. You may have to click on Options button that appear at the Toolbars section and choose â€Å"Enable† to run the application. Double click any of the objects to begin interacting with the object (Table, Query, or Form). To use a form to input data, double click the form and click right arrow key button at the lower section of the form labeled â€Å"Next Record† to add a new record. Clicking this button again saves the existing record. The navigation tool is shown hereunder: This is a simple database system but caters for the needs of the sales manager in checking the attendance of the employees working in the department by using the query â€Å"qryAllDetails† to generate a Pivot table showing the attendance of employees in the Sales department only, for instance. This is achieved by double-clicking the query right-clicking on the tab representing the open query selecting PivotTableView Selecting the appropriate fields from the PivotTable Field List by double-clicking them and finally selecting â€Å"Sales† using the list-box under the heading â€Å"DeptName† in the generated PivotTable. There is much more power in using this database than is possible using Excel. References Maletsky, J. Rafael, S. (2008). Microsoft Access 2007 Analyze Data with Pivot Tables. 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Critical Analysis of a Research Article for Healthcare World

Question: Discuss about theCritical Analysis of a Research Article for Healthcare World. Answer: Research is a fundamental factor in almost all professions, particularly in the health sector. It plays a vital part in the basis and growth of the healthcare world (Parkes et al., 2001). This essay essentially focuses on the critical appraisal of a research article based on the CASP (Singh, 2006, p.76). Critical appraisal is the systematic analysis of a research paper to determine its strengths and weaknesses (Young, 2008, p.82). This paper reviews an article about Natural ways of averting heart complications (Seely et al., 2013, pp.409-416). Many research articles are evaluated due to an utter level of information available on the healthcare settings. Critical appraising of an article enables one to differentiate low-quality articles from the standard ones, while at the same time filtering out misleading information to the public (Taylor et al., 2004, p.30). The purpose of this article is to establish the fact that integrating naturopathic care with usual care can significantly lower the risk of cardiovascular complications in high risk population. The population studied consisted of randomly selected individuals who are at high risk of suffering from cardiovascular malady. The intervention given are those that are focused on the naturopathic care compared with usual care. The naturopathic care included specific diets, lifestyle recommendations as well as selected natural healthcare product. Additionally, the primary outcomes are the variations in the incidence of metabolic disorder and changes in Framingham ten-year cardiovascular peril score (Taylor et al., 2000, pp.120-125). The title of the article establishes what the research is all about, without being too extensive, using irrelevant words or giving a glimpse about the results. The reader can easily determine the aim of the research without straining (Linzer et al., 1988, pp. 2537-2541). The title summarizes the natural interventions that can be used to prevent cardiovascular disease. Based on the CASP, population, intervention, and outcomes are undoubtedly evident in the research paper. Therefore, we can clearly establish that the question pointed out the purpose of the research (Savigny et al., 2009). To properly understand the influence of interventions, it is essential to compare intervention group (study group) with another group who are not under interference (control group). The research is a randomized control trial which deems appropriate for this type of research, as the researchers are trying to establish the impact of naturopathic based on the study group and control group (Horsley et al., 2011). The authors chose random control trial in which, the participants were randomly allocated to the study. In the research, randomization was done centrally in blocks of 8 stratified by sex before the intervention was assigned. To ensure legibility of the results, only participants, clinician and those responsible for collecting the outcomes were informed of the group assignments, but not statisticians. The participants came from multiple work sites from Canada. The authors articulate conducting unrestricted free screening without any form of discrimination. 120-140 willing individ uals at the highest risk of endocardial disease at each site were requested to participate in the studies. In the article, 1125 individuals went through screening, but only 246 participated in the research. The participants were selected randomly based on the level of the risk of the screened individuals. The research does not explain why the participants decided to participate in the study, nor why others chose not to participate in the research (Kuper et al., 2008, p 1035). This is vital information that for those people who like to volunteer to take part in research studies, hence, the research may not be only relevant to post-employees. The research is also unclear how the participants became aware of the screening and consequently the research and the information they were told before the whole process began (Hannes et al., 2010, pp. 1736-1743). Certified doctors took the measurement of body weight, lipid profile, blood pressure and waist circumference of all the participants before the study commenced. The study group had a negligible elevated frequency of larger waistline, hip circumference, metabolic syndrome and greater weight. Also, the naturopathic category consisted of participants who reported higher weekly minutes of exercises. Based on the randomization schedule, 124 participants were allocated to the study group while 122 remained under usual care. The control group continued to visit their respective physicians as usual, while the study group complemented the usual care with naturopathic care. Based on the CASP analysis of a research article, we can state that the allocation of the participants to both intervention and control group was relatively random. The authors explained why each of the participants was grouped into either of groups based on the randomization schedule (Seely et al., 2013, pp.409-416). Also, it is evident that the two groups are balanced as required by CASP. However, the process of selecting the participants from the whole group who participated in the screening process and creation of the awareness about the research is not very well explained. In the research, the statisticians were blinded from group allocation to avoid bias in results. All the partakers, clinical doctors, and those adjudicating or gathering outcome information knew of the group allocation except the statisticians. However, because members, clinical doctors and those gathering information knew of the group allocation, the whole process of group assignment cannot be said to be absolutely blind. Participants and clinicians should not know the allocation process (Ulin et al., 2005). Group assignment is biased as a participants decision to give approval or the recruiters decision to enroll a particular participant might be influenced by the knowledge of which group the participants will be assigned to if they participate in the screening process. The research has a clearly drawn consort diagram that accounts for all the people who participated in the research (Seely et al., 2013, pp.409-416). According to the article, 1125 individuals took part in the screening process and out of them, 246 were either willing or qualified for the research program. The 879 people who failed to participate in the research were unwilling to participate, did not contact the researcher or had below standard cardiovascular activities. Out of the 246 participants, 124 were randomly categorized under the intervention group while the remaining 122 grouped under the control category. Since the participants were being assigned to the two groups randomly, there is a possibility of a potential intervention participant placed in the control group. Based on the diagram, the participants were not allowed to cross over from their assigned groups once the research commenced. Of the 246 participants who started the program, 39 participants were lost to follow-up. To be noted is that drop-out was equally distributed between the intervention and study group. The 39 participants were each followed up to about 3 times to find out the reason for drop-out, and 17 people responded. Most of the cases were related to medical complications, while some lost interest. The percentage of participants lost to follow-up represented 15.9% of the initial population. All the contestants results were analyzed by the respective categories they were assigned. The aim to account for the analysis of the intervention group was 85.4% while that of the control group was 82.8% of the original population (Seely et al., 2013, pp.409-416). The paper also takes into account the safety and adverse events that occurred during the research period. One patient died before the study commenced while 5 participants contracted life terminal illnesses such as cancer. The adverse events occurred uniformly between the two groups. All these evidently shows that all the participants in the research were justified for at the end of the study. All the 246 partakers in both groups were monitored from the beginning to the end of the research process. The data of all the participants were collected and analyzed using means of standard deviation at baseline, 26th and 52nd week. Therefore, it can be deduced that there was no bias during collection of the data and that all participants were taken into account and treated equally (Taylor et al., 2004, p.30). For instance, the intervention participants were received naturopathic care at a frequency of 7 preset times over a period of one year, which is somewhat similar to the frequency of visit to the routine naturopathic care in the community. Also, the follow-up schedule and parameters accessed were the same for both groups. To design a practical clinical trial, the primary consideration is given to the number of participants required to be added to the sample to end up with the desired results (Parkes et al., 2001). Research with few participants will give misleading results, while on the hand, large sample size tends to be difficult to work with during collection and interpretation of results. Sample size estimation helps a researcher to estimate the appropriate sample size for a given study design (Young, 2009, p.82). The study consisted of 246 participants, which is not too small or too large, but the ideal sample size. This increases the possibility of the result obtained to determine the impact of naturopathic care in preventing cardiovascular disease. However, the paper does not demonstrate power calculations or explained why they used 246 participants to carry out their research. Power calculations are essential in minimizing the play of chance (Rychetnik et al., 2002, pp.119-127). Two hundred and forty six people were selected out of the 1125 individuals who participated in the screening. The study took 52 weeks, in which intervention class had better performance than the control category (risk reduction to 16.9%, 95% confidential confidence (CI), P=0.002%). The analyses exhibited a significant reduction risk in the cardiovascular complication after counseling concerning the nutritional and physical activity. The reduction risk of 16.9% implies that the 1 in every six people who underwent naturopathic care was advantaged compared to the participants who did not experience the counseling by not suffering from metabolic syndrome (Seely et al., 2013, pp.409-416). The study also shows that 3 out of 100 people who receive naturopathic care but having the intermediate cardiovascular disorder are less likely to experience fatal symptoms such as stroke or heart attack as compared to the patients under the usual care. The research also found that thorough lifestyle inv olvement can greatly reduce risk factors associated with cardiovascular complications. To be certain about the range of values within which the research can be proven with assurance to have covered general population, confidential intervals are used (Horsley et al., 2011). The smaller the difference recorded in the interval, the more precise the approximation of the outcome is, making it likely to get a more realistic and dependable result of the whole treatment process (Akobeng, 2005, pp.837-840). In this research paper, studies were examined within 9 categories of interventions; weight 0.22 (-2.78 to 3.22), 95% CI, lightweight lipoprotein, mmol/L 0.01 (0.28 to 0.25), 95% CI, heavy-weight lipoprotein mmol/L 0.14 (0.04 to 0.24), 95% CI, Triglyceride, mmol/L -0.03 (0.56 to 0.5), 95% CI, cholesterol to high density lipoprotein 0.79 (1.24 to 0.35), 95% CI, Glycated hemoglobin, % 0.14 (0.29 to 0) 95% CI, fasting blood glucose mmol/L 0.48 (2.50 to 3.45), 95% CI, Systolic blood pressure 6.55 (9.70 to 3.42), 95% CI, Diastolic blood pressure 3.33 (5.92 to 0.75), 95% CI. Genera l cardiovascular risk decline was -0.37% (95% CI 4.35 to 1.78%; p 0.001), while that of metabolic risk reduction was 16.90% (95% CI 29.55% to 4.25%); p =0.002 (Seely et al., 2013, pp.409-416). Based on the results, the intervention proven that there was a substantial decline in cardiovascular disease after counseling about nutritional and physical exercise. The researchers suggest that the efficacy of interventions studied in the research paper increase the generalizability of the application of the result practically. The authors discussed how the study could be a basis for further development naturopathic care in control and prevention of cardiovascular disease. The researchers also propose further research to improve the regression to the mean to maximize the reliability of the results. The authors noted that they did not put into consideration sufficient cardiovascular events to allow for comparison between the groups. There is no mention of transferability of this study being used in other situations (Dawes et al., 2005, p.1), other than being used in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The researchers suggest that since they do not access for the contamination of the participants, there is a possibility of the result being biased. Additionally, the duration between the writing of the article and publishing it, is short, henc e qualifying the article to be relevant and up to date (Milne Oliver, 1996, pp.439-445). In conclusion, the research is properly designed with relevant and useful results. The objectives and background of the research are evident, enabling the researchers to conduct the study within specific guidelines. The results section consist of flow charts and tables that clearly displays the aftermath of the study. Also, the results are accompanied by discussion and analysis to help readers understand the outcome of the research better. The major downfall of the research paper is lack of blind that might have led to the expectation and measurement predispositions. Also, the study did not clearly demonstrate the value of the normal lifestyle in comparison with the natural remedies to reduce risk in the naturopathic category. Since the researchers have suggested the need for further research, the readers may not contemplate on changing their current practice founded in this paper alone. However, the article can be tremendously useful in other research areas. References Akobeng, A.K., 2005. Principles of evidence based medicine.Archives of disease in childhood,90(8), pp.837-840. Dawes, M., Summerskill, W., Glasziou, P., Cartabellotta, A., Martin, J., Hopayian, K., Porzsolt, F., Burls, A. and Osborne, J., 2005. Sicily statement on evidence-based practice.BMC medical education,5(1), p.1. Hannes, K., Lockwood, C. and Pearson, A., 2010. A comparative analysis of three online appraisal instruments ability to assess validity in qualitative research.Qualitative health research,20(12), pp.1736-1743. Horsley, T., Hyde, C., Santesso, N., Parkes, J., Milne, R. and Stewart, R., 2011. Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings.The Cochrane Library. Kuper, A., Lingard, L. and Levinson, W., 2008. Critically appraising qualitative research.Bmj,337(aug07_3), pp.a1035-a1035. Linzer, M., Brown, J.T., Frazier, L.M., DeLong, E.R. and Siegel, W.C., 1988. Impact of a medical journal club on house-staff reading habits, knowledge, and critical appraisal skills: a randomized control trial.JAMA,260(17), pp.2537-2541. Milne, R. and Oliver, S., 1996. Evidence-based consumer health information: developing teaching in critical appraisal skills.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,8(5), pp.439-445. Parkes, J., Hyde, C., Deeks, J.J., Milne, R., Pujol-Ribera, E. and Foz, G., 2001. Teaching critical appraisal skills in health care settings.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,3(3). Rychetnik, L., Frommer, M., Hawe, P. and Shiell, A., 2002. Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions.Journal of Epidemiology Community Health,56(2), pp.119-127. Savigny, P., Kuntze, S., Watson, P., Underwood, M., Ritchie, G., Cotterell, M., Hill, D., Browne, N., Buchanan, E., Coffey, P. and Dixon, P., 2009. Low back pain: early management of persistent non-specific low back pain.London: National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care and Royal College of General Practitioners,14. Seely, D., Szczurko, O., Cooley, K., Fritz, H., Aberdour, S., Herrington, C., Herman, P., Rouchotas, P., Lescheid, D., Bradley, R. and Gignac, T., 2013. Naturopathic medicine for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a randomized clinical trial.Canadian Medical Association Journal,185(9), pp.E409-E416. Singh, J., 2013. Critical appraisal skills programme.Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics,4(1), p.76. Taylor, R., Reeves, B., Ewings, P., Binns, S., Keast, J. and Mears, R., 2000. A systematic review of the effectiveness of critical appraisal skills training for clinicians.Medical education,34(2), pp.120-125. Taylor, R.S., Reeves, B.C., Ewings, P.E. and Taylor, R.J., 2004. Critical appraisal skills training for health care professionals: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN46272378].BMC Medical Education,4(1), p.30. Ulin, P.R., Robinson, E.T. and Tolley, E.E., 2005. Qualitative methods in public health.San Francisco, CA: JosseyBass.- Young, J.M. and Solomon, M.J., 2009. How to critically appraise an article.Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology Hepatology,6(2), p.82.

Social Interaction Problems in USA

Getting a Teacher Certificate

Getting a Teacher Certificate As the TESOL teaching profession becomes more and more competitive, finding a good teaching job requires higher qualifications. In Europe, the TESOL teaching certificate is the base qualification. There are a number of different names for this teaching certificate including the TESL teaching certificate and TEFL teaching certificate. After that, teachers who are committed to the profession will usually go on to take the TESOL diploma. The TESOL Diploma is a full years course and is currently highly valued in Europe.    An Overview This main purpose of this diploma (besides, lets be honest, improving career qualifications) is to give the TESOL teacher a broad overview of the principal approaches to teaching and learning English. The course serves to raise the teachers consciousness as to what learning processes are taking place during  language acquisition and instruction. The basis is on an underlying teaching philosophy of Principled Eclecticism. In other words, no one method is taught as being correct. An inclusive approach is taken, giving each school of thought its due, while also examining its possible shortcomings. The objective of the diploma is to give the TESOL teacher the necessary tools to evaluate and apply different teaching methods to meet each students needs. Taking the Course The distance learning method has both its positive and negative side. There is a massive amount of information to get through and it takes quite a bit of self-discipline to complete the coursework effectively. Certain areas of study also seem to play a larger role than others. Thus, phonetics and phonology play a leading role in the makeup of the course (30% of modules and  ¼ of the exam), while other, more practical subjects such as reading and writing, play a relatively minor role. In general, the emphasis is on teaching and learning theory and not necessarily on the application of specific instruction methods. However, the practical part of the diploma does focus very specifically on teaching theory. Logistically, the support and help from Sheffield Hallam and the course directors at English Worldwide were excellent. The final intensive course of five days was essential for the successful completion of the course. This session was in many ways the most satisfying part of the course and served to unify all the various schools of thought studied, as well as providing practical exam writing practice. Advice Self-discipline and good pacing throughout the entire academic year are of absolute importance in order to deal with all the material presented.As the exam itself concentrates not on single areas of instruction, but rather to global issues, relate parts to the whole on a continuing basis.Get some kind of holiday break in before the final intensive week and exam preparation.   Other Experiences The following other articles and accounts of studying for various teaching certifications. A review of the i-to-i Online Tefl CertificateThe British Councils 404 TEFL Qualifications Guide

Pay Rolls and Internal Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pay Rolls and Internal Audit - Essay Example No lapses were found in the management of pay roll or audit but the need to strengthen the control and improve the process of payment and audit in order to make process more and more accurate and transparent regarding the payment procedure were suggested. The need of strengthening of control of staff pay roll advances, and the need of obtaining additional and timely information from the HR department to ensure maintenance of better personal records was stressed. There was significant progress achieved through installation of computerized system for this purpose. The process of reviewing and procedures of documenting must take into consideration the gradual computerization of the process along with addressing the issues like leave on loss of pay and the adjustments made for that purpose. There is a need to make arrangements to produce salary statements according to the revised schemes in order to enable payroll department to distribute the sample for verification of major key salary e lements on the personnel data bank. The process of staff pay roll advances can be strengthened through analysis and regular follow up of accounts. The outstanding dues are liable to review and should be brought up to date. The HR department should discuss with Payroll Unit regarding providing a list of appointments, extension, cessations, leave for loss of pay for both regular and contract staff for ensuring a proper tallying of personnel records with pay roll records. If this type of communication is done manually or not done regularly, its effect on HR department will be costly. As the system was computerized it is now possible to obtain this information but there is a need of maintaining a database named personnel information system. Right now the work of personnel information department also was maintained by payroll unit only. This is making the system less efficient and even less accurate due to the non availability of up to date information. Regarding the large number of alternate arrangements due to absence of staff, non appointment of regular staff, the lack of staff due to leaves on loss of pay; they involve an increment in cost to the company. Necessary steps were not taken to regularize the monitoring on these things and even to reduce the increment of pay due to these arrangements. The review of payments processed by payment authorities is also important. This type of reviews result in strengthening control over travel expensed by reviewing travel claims and assurance that all travel is verified to feasible extent. The airline boarding passes, train tickets verification must be reviewed. The review can cover the travel expenses of permanent travelers, frequent travelers and the personnel traveling less often. The differences in the procedures must be studied and the verification process can be done with the knowledge of pay roll department to avoid complications as they will be in constant contact with the data base of all the staff. ( if the data base was provided. A recommendation for that type of data base was done earlier in the paper. No information of existing database was given in the information of the company) The proposal of informing the instructions issued to managers of different departments who approve the payments to pay toll department can be mooted to make two obligations between payroll and internal audit more reasonable. This makes the pay roll

Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Prostitution - Essay Example The first main point for evaluation is the point of human rights. Perkins (1991) wrote about human rights in support of prostitution: â€Å"The decriminalisation of the prostitution legislation, therefore, would immediately free prostitutes from the shackles of unjust laws, but it would also be a positive step in removing a punitive threat to all women, especially those who aspire to freedom of sexual choice.† This is a main point because I strongly disagree with prostitution, and yet, Perkins presented an interesting concept that prostitution is a freedom of sexual choice. It is a good example of freedom of autonomy over one’s body that is hard to oppose. I definitely do not see prostitution as a sort of freedom, but prostitutes can claim their bodies as their own, therefore underscoring their human right to their job of choice. Post (2013) opposed Perkins when she said: â€Å"The practice of prostitution brands all women as something that can be bought and sold; and therefore, just like slaves, less than full humans who deserve the complete panoply of human rights.† I agree with her that prostitution is dehumanising, so it means it is not aligned with human rights. To be a prostitute is to be a slave to gender-based sexual desires that is not what humanity should be. I truly think that to have human rights and freedoms, prostitutes should have access to other alternative jobs. Leidholdt (1993) also disagreed with Perkins that prostitution is a human right or freedom: â€Å"[Prostitution] is about the absence of meaningful choices; about having alternative routes to survival cut off or being in a situation where you don’t have options to begin with† (p.136). I chose this as a main point because I agree that prostitution is against human rights because many prostitutes are known to say that they would leave prostitution

Body and Fashion Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Body and Fashion Photography - Essay Example Crucially, this body contains the possibility, inherent to fashion, of reinventing itself in a constantly changing form. A process of transubstantiation transforms the fleshy, organic substance of the body into the artificial, synthetic substance of the fashion garment. The separate ontological states of what is possibly "clothing" and what is possibly "body" no longer signify and in the new entity that emerges from this alchemical process, the boundary between self and non-self is dissolved. The female model then can be seen as the embodiment of fashion's imaginary. As the avatar of fashion, it is where artifice, change and imagination coalesce on the body of the model to create a new, previously only imaginable, form. Central to my argument is the different relationship that exists between the model's body and fashion photography in the lived world and the body and clothing in fashion representation. In the lived world, this relationship has been characterized as one of co-dependency and equivalence, to the point where "dress cannot be understood without reference to the body and . . . the body has always and everywhere to be dressed" (Entwistle 2000: 324). But in fashion representation, Roland Barthes has suggested that a hier- archy exists, with fashion at the apex. Of particular relevance to this article is his explanation of how, in fashion representation, all that is natural is dissolved into the artifice of fashion.This is a fundamentally important point as it enables the relationship between clothing and the body in the manipulated image to be viewed as an exaggeration of something that is already present in the conventional fashion image. In the lived world, this relationship has been cha racterized as one of co-dependency and equivalence, to the point where "dress cannot be understood without reference to the body and . . . the body has always and everywhere to be dressed" (Entwistle 2000: 324). But in fashion representation, Roland Barthes has suggested that a hier- archy exists, with fashion at the apex. Of particular relevance to this article is his explanation of how, in fashion representation, all that is natural is dissolved into the artifice of fashion. This is a fundamentally important point as it enables the relationship between clothing and the body in the manipulated image to be viewed as an exaggeration of something that is already present in the conventional fashion image. In The Fashion System, Barthes identified the distinction between the garment that is manufactured and/or worn and the garment that exists only as representation and meaning. Put simply, a picture of a dress is not a dress. What this means is that represented (or, in his terminology,"image") clothing does not have the other potential modalities contained in those garments that circulate in the lived world ("real" and "used" clothing).

Functional Behavioral Assessment Example

Functional Behavioral Assessment Example Functional Behavioral Assessment Mitchell Sample is a fifteen year old male student in the tenth grade at Anytown High School. He lives at home with his parents, Mary and Joseph Sample, three older siblings, all male. Mitchell was referred for a functional behavior assessment due to noncompliance with classroom rules and emotional outbursts he exhibits within the school setting. These outbursts have resulted in his periodic removal from the regular education classroom setting. His behavior and consequent removal from class is affecting his academic performance. He is failing all his classes with the exception of Art II and PE. Kerr maintains that a functional behavior analysis â€Å"contribute to more effective interventions.† For this reason an FBA is needed to determine the function of the behavior and how to establish a plan that will redirect the target behavior in to the proper direction. Background Information consisting of parent interviews and review of permanent records indicate that Mitchell was initially referred for special education and related services when he was eight years old due to low academics and behavioral concerns. He was found ineligible for services and has attended a general education classes ever since. He has remained in general education environment since the time. Mitchell has a history of struggling academically. He is demonstrating noncompliant behavior by not turning in assignments and ignoring teaching requests and commands. Recently, he has started exhibiting emotional outbursts which causes a removal from the regular education setting. These outbursts interfere with his education as well as the education of other students in the class. Description of Assessment Methods Direct Observations of performance for three hours across six settings which included World History class, English 10 class, Algebra 1 class, art class, lunch and hall pass time. Teacher Interviews utilizing a variation of the Functional Assessment Interview Form. Educational records review, including child teacher support team file. Functional Assessment Results Kerr and Nelson (2010) point out that â€Å"educators are required to conduct an FBA when persistent behavioral concerns exist (FBA is commonly a part of the pre-referral and referral activities, and IEP development, review, and revision for misbehaving students) they are also required by law to conduct it within 10 days of any singular offense by a student with a disability that is punishable by:removal to an Interim Alternative Educational Setting† (Kerr, 2010). A functional assessment of behaviors of concern was conducted for this report using indirect (interviews) and descriptive (structured observation) methods. A topographical definition of the behaviors of concern was developed from interviews and then the behaviors of concern were observed utilizing a momentary time sampling. The antecedents, functions and consequences were then analyzed for this report based on recommended research standards in order to develop a hypothesis for the reasons for the behavior. A-B-C CHART Antecedent Behavior Consequence World History: Demands placed on Mitchell in classroom. Mitchell talks and ignores teacher instructions. Teacher repeats instruction while asking Mitchell to comply with the request. Teacher initiates classroom transition. â€Å"Turn in your warm up and take out your study guide for review.† Mitchell says, â€Å"I don’t have my study guide† and then turns to talk to peer. Teacher asks Mitchell to stop talking, and then asks him specifically to turn in his warm up. Teacher gives copy of study guide to Mitchell, and tells him, â€Å"Fill this out as we review answers.† Mitchell tosses paper on desk, and says, â€Å"Yea, right. Doesn’t make any difference if I do it or not. Screw you.† Teacher ignored Mitchell’s comment and started review. Class begins study guide review activity. Mitchell talks to peer as teacher conducts lesson. Teacher requests Mitchell remain quiet while review is going on unless he is answering a question about the review. Teacher gives Mitchell choice of not talking during instruction or going to the hall. Mitchell chooses to go to the hall. Mitchell walks away from class and is written up for being in an unauthorized area. Art class: Mitchell is given clay to work with. Mitchell participates in activity without disrupting class. Mitchell has clay formed and stored for use for next class period. Algebra 1 class: Teacher asks class to get out their assignment to be checked. Mitchell is talking to peer and does not comply. Teacher ignores Mitchell’s talking and Mitchell does not work on his assignment. English 10: Mitchell is asked to remain silent and get his assignment out to pass in. Mitchell replied, â€Å"I don’t have the damn assignment.† . Mitchell is written up for insubordination and inappropriate use of language Description of Behavior (1) Emotional Outbursts: Data Collection: Data were collected in five minute time sample recordings using a partial interval recording. A positive interval of this behavior was recorded if the behavior occurred at any time during the five minute interval. Data are reported using percentage of positively scored intervals. Data Collection Outcome: This behavior was observed on two occasions once during English 10 and twice during World History. On the first occasion, the behavior occurred for 12 out of the 30 minute intervals. On the second occasion, the behavior occurred for 10 out of the 30 minutes intervals. (2) Noncompliant behavior Data Collection: Using the five minute time sample, this behavior occurred in three settings. On the first occasion the behavior occurred for 15 of the 30 minutes. On the second occasion, the behavior occurred during the entire 30 minutes. On the third occasion, the behavior occurred for 10 of 10 minutes. Antecedent Analysis In an antecedent analysis, one tries to identify the events, situations and circumstances that set the occasion for a higher likelihood of the behavior and those that set the occasion for a lower likelihood. Analysis of these variables allows a more specific intervention as well as identification of environmental mediators to more fully assess the maintaining variables (Scott, T., Anderson, C., Spaulding, S., 2008). Based on the functional assessment interviews and structured observations, the emotional outbursts behavior can occur during any instructional class period (Scott, T., Anderson, C., Spaulding, S., 2008). It is reported that this behavior usually occurs when the teacher makes a request for Mitchell follow class procedures or produce classwork. During the structured observations, Mitchell exhibited this behavior during English 10 instruction after the teachers request for the assignment was made. During World History, Mitchell did not have his homework and continued to ta lk even when the teacher specifically requested he remain quiet during instructional time. Function of the Behaviors The functions of these behaviors produce attention, escaping the assigned task, and being removed from the classroom. In Mitchell’s situation, the function of his behavior appears to be avoiding academic classwork. References Kerr, M., Nelson, C. M. (2010). Strategies for addressing behavior problems in the classroom  (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Scott, T., Anderson, C., Spaulding, S. (2008). Strategies for developing and carrying out  functional assessment and behavior intervention plans. Preventing School Failure, 52(3),  39–50. Retrieved from the Walden Library using the Education Research Complete  database: http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ehhAN=32013629site=ehost-livescope=site

Charles Babbage :: essays research papers

Charles Babbage Charles Babbage may have spent his life in vain, trying to make a machine considered by most of his friends to be ridiculous. 150 years ago, Babbage drew hundreds of drawings projecting the fundamentals on which today's computers are founded. But the technology was not there to meet his dreams. He was born on December 26, 1791, in Totnes, Devonshire, England. As a child he was always interested about the mechanics of everything and in the supernatural. He reportedly once tried to prove the existence of the devil by making a circle in his own blood on the floor and reciting the Lord's Prayer backward. In college, he formed a ghost club dedicated to verifying the existence of the supernatural. When in Trinity College in Cambridge, Charles carried out childish pranks and rebelled because of the boredom he felt from knowing more than his instructors. Despite this, however, he was on his way to understanding the advanced theories of mathematics and even formed an Analytical Society to present and discuss original papers on mathematics and to interest people in translating the works of several foreign mathematicians into English. His studies also led him to a critical study of logarithmic tables and was constantly reporting errors in them. During this analysis, it occurred to him that all these tables could be calculated by machinery. He was convinced that it was possible to construct a machine that would be able to compute by successive differences and to even print out the results. (He conceived of this 50 years before type-setting machines or typewriters were invented.) In 1814, the age of 23, Charles married 22-year-old Georgina Whitmore. Georgina would have eight children in thirteen years, of which only three sons would survive to maturity. Babbage really took no interest in raising his children. After Georgina died at the age of 35, his mother took over the upbringing. In 1816, Babbage had his first taste of failure when his application for the professorship of mathematics at East India College in Haileybury was rejected due to political reasons, as was his application, three years later, for the chair of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. Fortunately, his elder brother supported his family while Babbage continued his work on calculating machines. At the age of 30, Babbage was ready to announce to the Royal Astronomical Society that he had embarked on the construction of a table-calculating machine. His paper, "Observations on the Application of Machinery to the Computation of Mathematical Tables" was widely acclaimed and consequently, Babbage was presented with the first gold medal awarded by the Astronomical Society.

Indomie Pomotion Mix

Description Seth Gooding, a best selling-writer of Marketing once said, â€Å"Marketing is a Contest for People Attention. â€Å". A simple yet meaningful quote sums up of how marketing should work. It should be leaned on a form of communication which attract people attention and further influence them to buy the product. This idea is known as Promotion. Promotion is arguably as the most important part of marketing mix. Because without any promotions, no matter how great the idea is, or how the competitive the price Is, It will be no availed.Good promotions will bring Influence ND attracting potential buyers In deciding what products they will buy. Especially, In a very competitive market conditions, even a little advantages in Promotion enough to make differences between a firms to another. Put it simply good promotion, more money. In reaching this goal a Marketing Manager has to modify and combine several different methods of Promotions which can bring maximal Influence for the c ustomer, which is called Promotion Blend. The Kyoto make a good promotion blends from different promotion methods, such as TV advertising, Social Media Publicity andSales Promotion, is to know all pros and cons, sticking to marketing objectives, and define the life cycle of product promoted. 2. Related Theories 2. 1 Definition of Promotion (J. P Cannon, Ph. D, W. D. Perpetual,Jar. And E. J. McCarthy, Basic Marketing, A global- managerial Approach, 19th) Promotion is communicating information between the seller and potential buyer or others in the channel to influence the attitudes and behavior. Promotion must be fitted In a specific target market and also has to be related with another aspect of Marketing Mix. 2. 2 Promotion Methods There are several Methods of Promotion available:Personal Selling Mass Selling Involves Communicating large numbers of customer, usually less flexible. But cheaper than personal selling. Examples of this method is Advertising which is paid Usage of media such as TV Newspaper, Billboard ETC Publicity Free or unpaid form of personal presentation of Ideas or products such as Press Releases. Other Examples Is usage of Internet, such as Internet message or links Sales Promotion It refers to activities that stimulates trial or purchases by the customer in the channels. This method is planned for faster result relative to other method.Promotion Objectives & Communications 2. 3 Promotions Objectives The ultimate objective of promotion is to encourage customer to buy the product. But 1 OFF the promotion is largely dependable to the market or the seller. For example, a product released of a well known Company will have different approach than new established one Basically there are 3 Promotion objectives that can be categorized, and each of this has different orientation. Informing objective, is more oriented to new release of a product, but persuading is largely used for competitive market, the last one reminding is suited for an establishe d brand.There are also another classification based on Action which is Called AID Model Promotion Objectives Adoption Process AID Model Informing Awareness – Interest Attention-Interest Persuading Evaluation- Trial Desire Reminding Decision-confirmation Action 2. 4 Effective Communication on Promotion Promotion is wasted if it's not communicated effectively. The main reasons for these are Noises Misinterpretation Example of Communication Process 2. 5 How Promotion Plans Blended and Integrated There are 2 types of promotion effort approaches Pushing through channel: Normal Promotion Effort.This approaches use intermediaries and emphasizes on importance of securing channels and to the final user. The Sales relates directly to retailers and wholesaler, and because of the nature of competition, usually the Company will make short arrangement that are more beneficial than the competitors to ensure retailers will buy all the product. Pulling by customer (Requesting Product) This ap proaches ensure customer to ask intermediaries the products. 2. 5. 2 Promotions blends over life cycle Promotion blends likely to change its objectives, based on the different life cycles stages Introduction: Informing about ProductsGrowth: Emphasizing in stimulating demand or persuading Maturity: Promotion should relied on mass selling or selling promotion. If firm already well established, usually it has competitive advantage- Decline: Promotion cost are lowered to prevent lost, and sales are more oriented to specific market 3. Profile brand in Indonesia and how it become irreplaceable in its market for more than 3 decades. This paper will also further explore few important examples of this brand promotion media and tools. The name of this product is Indore Indore, which is an Instant Noodle produced by Indoors SETI Maker is more than Just a brand.It's the worlds largest instant noodle manufacturer founded in 1982 by Mr. Siding Salami. It's deeply rooted as a food that binds with Indonesian Culture, with different kind of customer, rich poor, old or young, On the tallest building on Jakarta, or coldest peak in Budgeting. Indore is also distributed in more than 10 countries. Even â€Å"Indore† word has become a synonym word for Instant Noodle. For years Indore has won many award such as Most Valuable Product, Top Brand for Kids, Indonesia Best Brand Award, The Most Effective Ad, Indonesia Best Packaging Award, Encourage AssailProud Indonesia, and The Most Powerful Distribution Performance. This shows how huge the brand 4. Analysis 4. 1 Personal Selling Strategy As a famous and accomplished brand, Indore doesn't rely on Personal Selling Strategy anymore. This further shown by lack of sales or personal seller employed by Indoors 4. 2 Mass Selling Strategy Advertisement 1. Media TV In this era of consumptive and modern lifestyle, the Television is arguably the center of all media and its influence can't be ignored. So television Commercial promotion is al ways become the promotional of promotion.This is what Indoors do correctly. For example, many of the commercials of Indore has ass Length, and some of it, even pass one minute duration. This might be sounds expensive, but for a Market Leader, this kind of advertisement is to be expected. Also, there are few points of Promotion that is very well executed by Indoors n the commercial: Catchy Tagging â€Å"Monodies, seller's† is a well known tagging. This simple statement fills the objective of promotion which is Reminding. Indore has already an established brand, and there is no need to persuade or trying.Indoors choose a simple way to remind people about Indore. Also, this simple tagging will not allow any misinterpretation. Commercial As a market leader, Indies's commercial is always highlighting at the nation- acknowledgement of the product. Many of the Commercial shows the nature and culture of Indonesia. Indoors knows that Indore has become a cultured product, and thus, usi ng this as an advantages against its competitors In Introducing New type of Product When releasing new types of product. Mime Rending and Mime Cable ‘Jog, Indoors based on the uniqueness of the product.It fulfills the objective of Promotions, which are Informing and persuading the customer. 2. Bill board and Newspaper Indore doesn't rely on these types of mass selling as promotion blend. Compared to TV, the Billboard or any conventional means of Advertising is relatively low. The Numbers of billboard isn't as many as Cellophane provider or Cigarette company which are the main user of bill board. 3. Internet based promotion. Much like printed types of advertisement, Indoors also doesn't really use the internet as a mass selling advertisement. But The faceable page of Indore is quite popular.With more than 600 thousand likes. Publicity As a well known and established product, Indoors rarely used any Publicity moves such as press releases. Let also related to the type of product. Indore, which is a food brand isn't often to release new type of product. 4. 3 Sales Promotion Aimed at Final Customer Jingle Dare Contest In 2008, Indore released a contest which objective is to create its new Jingle. This contest generates many participants especially younger people and high school students. By using this contest, it sparks attention to people.Even though the numbers of participants are not necessarily reflect the number of increasing customers, but It surely generates the hype and reminds potential customer of the product. Pap Criteria Contest In 2011, a very interesting advertising Commercial from Indore aired on television and Radio. The advertisement tells us about a person story about Indore. So Indoors encourages people to send their story to email, and those who are lucky, can have their story be shown on Commercial. This also generates people attention for the Brand itself.While not many stories being made to commercial, but this sales promotion has succe ssfully, increase the attentions of customer. Online Contest Indore has also successfully create contest in Social Media, such as â€Å"Foot Barren Undermine†. This sales promotion, is targeted to younger markets. Aimed at Wholesalers Wrung Kopi Partnership In Guajarati and few other cities, If someone wants to open a wrung kopi booth. They can get discounted price if they lay a banner on their wrung Kopi. This is one of the approaches of promotion, known as Pushing, an approaches focuses on giving intermediaries facilities. Medium Bertram Peddling Indore Indoors also facilitates those Worktop Retailers to go back to hometown every idol flirt for free. This is also a way to make sure that those intermediaries have more incentives to buy Indore, not other brands. These Wholesaler oriented strategies is often become decisive and crucial. Because, many of Indore bought, isn't directly from Indoors, nor from the big retailers, but from these small retailers. By keeping good relat ionship and shares benefits with them, it will ensure that Indore will be he first choice for final customers.For years, Indore stance as the number one Instant noodle brand in Indonesia, is unquestionable. But suddenly, In 2003, Windproof release a brand named Mime Sedan. With its â€Å"Shrink† fried onion and its Massive stream of commercials, suddenly Mime Sedan is threatening Indore throne. This unprecedented entrance has caught Indore off guard. Surely and Slowly, Indore faced a fierce competitor which has taken a large chunk of the market Mime Sedan from Indoors, penetrate the market with yet simple but effective Promotion Blend: Heavy Advertising Mime sedan released many creative Advertising especially in Television.But these, Massive airings of Commercial isn't hastily made. These Commercials are often highlighting Mime Sedan superiority over other brand such as Use of Crispy Fried Onion, and thicker sauce. Also Mime Sedan successfully maximize the brand name, to make customer orientating their brand to â€Å"Sedan† which means delicious. Another key to the this promotion blend, is the one minute long Advertisements. With brand Ambassador like Paid. Mime Sedan has successfully creates â€Å"grand† feeling of its ads . Counter by Indore Finally in 2005, Indoors launches many commercials and heavy promotions to counter Mime Sedan.One minute TV commercial which objectives it for reminding people that Indore is the pioneer of Instant Noodle is shown repeatedly and many new tastiness are created . Also, sales promotion such as Jingle Contest is aired to generate attention for younger audience. The main objectives of promotion blend for Indore, is changing. It's no longer based on Reminding,because its clearly not enough but also Persuading people. Indore successfully exploits the fact that Indore has been a top of the mind product for a long time and this is a competitive advantages over mime sedan.By persuading people that Indore, is s till number one in Indonesia and with helps of massive advertising and sales promotion, the Market is slowly gained back. The shift on the market slowly changes to opposite direction towards Indore. Conclusion Indore has been a widely known brand of Instant Noodle. Even the brand of product has become a word synonym to instant noodle. As expected, nearly all of their Promotions Method and blends concentrates, not on why they should buy it, but why they souls keep buying it.As a market leader and a product at its maturity, the objective of Indoors is to keep reminding the costumer of their product. So That they won't have change of hearts and buy other brand. Their Promotion blends consist of conventional and digital means. Although it's primarily relies on TV and Radio as the main tools. Also, Indoors focused on Pushing Strategy, which oriented to wholesaler not Just end customer. But there is also a point that has to be highlighted. Because of sudden entrance of competitors, the Pr omotion blend of Indore has to be changed.This further shows, that in a good marketing Decision, right promotional decision, it will contribute directly to the longevity of the products in surviving the market. By maintaining the competitive advantage of its own brand and keeping the right promotion blend available Indore will and still is the number one in the market.

How to Quote Sources with APA Referencing

How to Quote Sources with APA Referencing How to Quote Sources with APA Referencing APA style referencing is used for citing sources in academic writing in a variety of disciplines, including the social and behavioral sciences. This is important because, when writing a college paper, you need to show your reader how you’ve drawn upon past research. A big part of this is indicating clearly when you’ve quoted someone else’s work, as failure to do so could be interpreted as plagiarism. As such, it’s vital you know how to quote sources with APA referencing before you start writing. The Basics of Quoting a Source Obviously, most of your paper should be in your own words. However, quoting sources is useful if your argument depends on the words used by another author. When you do quote a source, you need to use â€Å"quotation marks† and give an in-text citation including the author’s surname, year of publication and relevant page numbers after the quoted text: Ricoeur is said to have â€Å"sought to separate his philosophical writings from his theological writings† (Sohn, 2013, p. 159). If the author is named in the text, give the year of publication immediately afterwards, then the page numbers after the quotation: Sohn (2013) writes that Ricoeur â€Å"sought to separate his philosophical writings from his theological writings† (p. 159). You can also give page numbers when paraphrasing a source, though this is only required if you feel it is necessary for the reader to find the relevant section in the original. Sources with No Page Numbers If a source lacks page numbers, such as a website, provide a paragraph number instead. In longer documents that lack page numbers, like an e-book, you may also have to provide a section title: Paraphrasing restates someone else’s words in a new way (Lee, 2015, para. 3). Long Quotations If the passage you are quoting is more than 40  words long, it should be formatted as a block quotation. This means presenting the quotation on a new line and indented roughly 0.5 inches. Block quotations don’t require quotation marks, but you should still give a citation. After the quotation, you continue with the formatting used throughout the rest of your document. This would look something like the following: Ricoeur’s position on Christian philosophy is summarized as follows: His reflections on the matter, however, were not merely an occasional work or a passing period in his thought, but rather it was an issue to which he would turn time and again throughout his career with each development becoming ever more complex and nuanced. (Sohn, 2015, p.164) Given this, we can come to the following conclusions†¦

Roman Emperor Theodosius the Great

Roman Emperor Theodosius the Great Under Emperor Valentinian I (r. 364-375), army officer Flavius Theodosius was stripped of command and exiled to Cauca, Spain, where he had been born in about 346. Despite such inauspicious beginnings, Theodosius, with his 8-year-old son installed  in name  as ruler of the Western Empire, became the last emperor to rule the  entire Roman Empire  in fact. Probably two to three years after Valentinian exiled Theodosius (and executed his father), Rome needed Theodosius again. The empire was a formidable power at this time. Thus it was against all odds that on August 9, 378 the Visigoths trounced the  Eastern Empire  and killed its emperor (Valens [r. A.D. 364-378]) at the momentous  Battle of Adrianople. Although it took a while for the after-effects to play out, this defeat is a major event to look at when tracing the  fall of the Roman Empire. With the eastern emperor dead, his nephew, the western Emperor Gratian, needed to reclaim command of  Constantinople  and the rest of the eastern part of the empire. To do so he sent in his best general- the formerly-exiled Flavius Theodosius. Dates: A.D. c. 346-395; (r. A.D. 379-395)Place of Birth: Cauca, in Hispania [see sec. Bd on Map]Parents: Theodosius the Elder and Thermantia Wives: Aelia Flavia Flaccilla;Galla Children: Arcadius (made Augustus on 19 January 383), Honorius (made Augustus on 23 January 393), and Pulcheria;Gratian and Galla Placidia(by adoption) Serena, his niece Claim to Fame: The last ruler of the entire Roman Empire; effectively put an end to pagan practices. Theodosius Hazardous Rise to Power Theodosius own father had been a senior military officer in the Western Empire. Emperor Valentinian had honored him by appointing him magister equitum praesentalis Master of the Horse in the Presence of the Emperor (Ammianus Marcellinus 28.3.9) in 368 and then executed him in early 375 for unclear reasons. Perhaps Theodosius father was executed for trying to intercede on behalf of his son. At about the time Emperor Valentinian executed his father, Theodosius went into retirement in Spain. It was only after Valentinians death (November 17, 375) that Theodosius regained his commission. Theodosius obtained the rank of the magister militum per Illyricum Master of the Soldiers for the Prefecture of Illyricum in 376, which he kept until January 379 when Emperor Gratian appointed him co-Augustus to replace Emperor Valens. Gratian may have been coerced into making the appointment. Barbarian Recruits The Goths and their allies were ravaging not only Thrace but also Macedonia and Dacia. It was the eastern emperor, Theodosius job to suppress them while the western emperor, Gratian attended to matters in Gaul. Although Emperor Gratian provided the Eastern Empire with some troops, Emperor Theodosius needed more because of the devastation that had been caused by the Battle at Adrianople. So he recruited troops from among the barbarians. In an only partially successful attempt to stave off barbarian defection, Emperor Theodosius made a trade: he sent some of his new, questionable recruits to Egypt to be exchanged for presumed-loyal Roman soldiers. In 382 Emperor Theodosius and the Goths reached an agreement: Emperor Theodosius permitted the Visigoths to retain some autonomy while living in Thrace, and many of the Goths enlisted in the imperial army, and especially the cavalry, which had proved to be one of the Roman weaknesses at Adrianople. The Emperors Their Domains From Julian to Theodosius Sons. (Simplified) NB: Valeo is the Latin verb to be strong. It was a popular base for mens names in the Roman Empire. Valentinian was the name of 2 Roman emperors during the lifetime of Theodosius, and Valens was that of a third. Julian Jovian (West) (East) Valentinian I / Gratian Valens Gratian / Valentinian II Theodosius Honorius Theodosius / Arcadius Maximus Emperor In January of 383, Emperor Theodosius named his young son Arcadius successor. Maximus, a general who had served with Theodosius father and may have been a blood relative, may have hoped to be named, instead. That year Maximus soldiers proclaimed him emperor. With these approving troops, Maximus entered Gaul to face Emperor Gratian. The latter was betrayed by his own troops and killed in Lyons by Maximus Gothic magister equitum. Maximus was preparing to advance on Rome when Emperor Gratians brother, Valentinian II, sent a force to meet him. Maximus agreed to accept Valentinian II as ruler of part of the Western Empire, in 384, but in 387 he advanced against him. This time Valentinian II fled to the East, to Emperor Theodosius. Theodosius took Valentinian II into protection. Then he led his army to fight against Maximus in Illyricum, at Emona, Siscia, and Poetovio [see map]. Despite many Gothic troops defecting to Maximus side, Maximus was captured and executed at Aquileia on August 28 , 388. (Valentinian II, Theodosius brother-in-law through his second marriage, was killed or committed suicide in May of 392.) One of the defecting Gothic leaders was Alaric, who fought for Emperor Theodosius in 394 against Eugenius, another pretender to the throne which he lost in the civil war battle on the river Frigidus in September and then against Emperor Theodosius son, but is best known for sacking Rome. Stilicho From the time of Emperor Jovian (377), there had been a Roman treaty with the Persians, but there were skirmishes along the borders. In 387, Emperor Theodosius magister peditum praesentalis, Richomer, put an end to these. Conflict over Armenia picked up again, until another of Emperor Theodosius officials, his magister militum per Orientem, Stilicho, arranged a settlement. Stilicho was to become a major figure in Roman history of the period. In an effort to tie Stilicho to his family and presumably strengthen the claim of Emperor Theodosius son Arcadius, Emperor Theodosius married his niece and adoptive daughter to Stilicho. Emperor Theodosius appointed Stilicho regent over his younger son Honorius and possibly (as Stilicho claimed), over Arcadius, as well. Theodosius on Religion Emperor Theodosius had been tolerant of most pagan practices, but then in 391 he sanctioned the destruction of the Serapeum at Alexandria, enacted laws against pagan practices, and put an end to the Olympic games.  He is also credited with putting an end to the power of the Arian and Manichean heresies in Constantinople while establishing Catholicism as the state religion. Sources DIR - TheodosiusNotitia DignitatumMagnus Maximus (383-388 A.D.) Theodosius(www.suc.org/exhibitions/byz_coins/present/Theodosius_I.html 06/26/01) Theodosius IAmmianus, Theodosius and Sallusts JugurthaThe Roman Magistri in the Civil and Military Service of the Empire, by A. E. R. Boak.  Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 26, (1915), pp. 73-164.

Strategies and Resources for Success Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategies and Resources for Success - Coursework Example ges that an online learners may anticipate may be like: how to build on the existing base of knowledge and how to evaluate the multifaceted online resources. In addition it might be very difficult for them to find an appropriate comparison groups that can help them in solving data collection problems and even in the interpretation of the program maturity impacts. This paper seeks to evaluate the challenges that the online learners may anticipate when undertaking their online studies and to give strategies that they can use to ensure that they succeed in their learning experience. One of the challenges that the online learners are experiencing is lack of the self-discipline that is needed to devote enough time to class in courses that may not have regular time schedule to meet the synchronous online (Ottenbacher & Harrington, 2010). Setting and following the specific study hours is one of the factors that can work for online learners. For example evening hour can be designated for reading the lessons and the weekend can be used for doing the writing assignment. It is very important to note that designating specific hours to read, completing the assignments and even post dialogues to other learners may be very helpful. Professional online learning requires resources like the technology, materials and even time. All these resources are dependent on the availability of funds. How these resources will be prioritized so that they can be in line with the professional needs may greatly affect the quality, access and effectiveness of the experience of the educators. When the learners are committed to ensure equity in the allocation of these resources and they have thoughtful consideration of their priorities, the intended outcome for both the learners and the educators can be achieved. Interactions of most students commonly take place through online threaded discussions that gives the instructors and the students’ time to interact in a synchronous manners. This may

Information System Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information System Briefing - Essay Example Though, the nature and practices involved in this process can differ from industry to industry, however this process remains extremely critical to the success of the firm. The research suggests that healthcare firms and their staff members (as they are the most important stakeholders who can influence the success of this process) must be knowledgeable and informed on the information before initiating the process of selecting and acquiring an information system for them firm. In addition, all the associated stakeholders must have knowledge of this process, how the goals of their organization comply with the selection and acquiring process as well as the roles and responsibilities each organization’s stakeholder’s perform all the way through this process. In this scenario, one of the initial and most important decisions on which the entire process depends is whether an organization needs to select between outsourcing the IS and/or to bring in information technology expert s in order to work within the task (Hicks, 2013; Beatty, 2013). In the first step, the considering firm should find out what their information requirements are. This can be done by determining their capabilities and tasks they carry out throughout the business environment. It will require them to examine the decisions they make and the information they need to make these decisions. In this scenario, there is need for building an initial system design according to planned system inputs, outputs, processes, and required data bases. In fact, the analysis of these aspects will allow the firms to effectively recognize what information they need, what processes are carried out in order to translate the data into information, what data need to be collected in order to develop the information, and what data need to be stored and maintained for future analysis (Beatty, 2013; Hicks, 2013). After finalizing all the initial requirements, the considering firm should determine their budget. In th is scenario, the firm needs to analyze what expenditure are they willing to use on the complete process. They should determine their budget by keeping in mind all the contexts of the selection and acquiring process. For instance, the requirements and conditions for the new process and what are the benefits that can be achieved through different choices (as discussed above such as in-house development or outsourcing). Without a doubt, answers of these questions will help the acquiring firm to get the accurate direction regarding the implementation of a new information system (Hicks, 2013; Beatty, 2013; Braley, 2013). The firm that is going to acquire and select an information system must determine and set its business goals that it wants to achieve through the implementation of a new information system. In this scenario, a firm must set goals in a way that they demonstrate what is wanted and needed out of the implementation of a new information system. Additionally, the firm should l ist down its goals comprising the goals of staff members independently as well as all together. In the same way, it must include the goals of the front office, all the stakeholders that can be affected through the implementation of a new information system, the goals of the back office, physicians and the goals required to attain patient fulfillment. In addition, the acquiring firm must determine these goals for the reason that these goals will help them establish the tone for how the

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy - Essay Example HRM strategy refers to a particular approach that is used in the management of human resources with the aim of providing a strategic framework to support short and long term strategies of an organization (Dessler, 2010). Employment law is one of the essential functional areas that provide organizations with the foundation for effective development of workforce that will support the organizational goals and objectives (Moran, 2007). In order to have a better understanding of the subject of employment laws and HRM strategy, this essay will apply the employment laws of the Virginia State to one of the HRM strategy problems. In particular, the essay will apply the employment laws of the Virginia State on the HRM strategy problem of introduction of new technology for employees who may experience physical limitations. The subject of physical limitations of employees is one of the most comprehensive in the employment laws in the United Constitution. This issue is covered under the Americans with Disability Act (ADA), as well as under the U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) (Walsh, 2012). The ADA is designed to protect the rights of people with physical limitations including in the employment environment. This Act provides framework within which people with physical limitations can fully access and participate in all aspects of employment. It requires that employers should provide facilities and means through which employees with disability can access and participate in activities with as little difficulty as possible. The Act requires that the employer should do enough to remove the barriers that might deny people with disability with equal opportunity in accessing and using the facilities and services within an employment set up (Dessler, 2010). The provisions of the ADA are enforced by t he U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The employment laws related to this subject prohibits employers against discrimination of any kind to

Brief discussion of Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

Brief discussion of Western Civilization Essay A civilization is usually marked by a growth that can change the ways of the people in a specific time frame and the period after that. The said growth is perfectly exemplified in the western civilization. The Western culture is greatly affected by the highlights of the history. It is influenced by some ideas from the East. The Mesopotamians and Egyptians took part in the encounter of the Greeks and the Persian Empire. Hebrews formed the belief in a single god which is known as the Hebrew monotheism. Still, during the Classical Age of Greece, the Greeks nurtured the social, political and religions aspects of the West. Philosophers like Plato, Socrates, Aristotle and Herodotus were among the few who formed the cornerstones of Greek literacy. Athens followed a democratic civilization while the state of Sparta was a disciplined one. The period was predated by the Hellenistic period in which Greeks and Macedonians built kingdoms after conquering the Persian Empire. During this era, women played roles in politics. The rise of science, culture and arts came into existence. By 8th Century B. C, Rome was brought about by Latin-speaking people. Octavian aided in transforming a government system of a republican institution. The Roman Empire grew became known as one of the largest in the world. Languages in Rome in the present time like French, Spanish, Latin and Portuguese were strongly based on Latin. The Roans concocted a rich culture in law, language and engineering as well. After 200 years, it came to a decline and paved way to the period of Early Middle Ages. The era gave birth to the widespread Religion of Christianity through the works of Paul of Tarsus. Germanic kingdoms also became apparent in the part of Western Europe. The Carolingian Empire was ruled by Charlemagne, a brood of a Germanic tribe who accepted Christianity. Traditions from the classical age, the Germanic tribes and Christianity merged to give identity to the new civilization of Europe. This was threatened by Vikings and Muslims. Fortunately, the civilization was kept intact. By the dawn of the 9th and 10th century, agricultural production was heightened. Trade was also established along with changes in the technology during the High Middle Ages. Cities and banks were also present. When the 14th Century came, the West was plagued by the Black Death. It caused the fall of trade and instigated the difference of the upper and lower classes. A war which ran for a hundred years between the English and the French rattled the political status of Europe. Papacy was also affected in Rome when conflicts between popes occurred. All these are reflected in the arts during the period. Soon after, the Renaissance period which is dubbed as the time for reconstruction created new ways for the West. It was made evident that the Catholic Church is a very important institution. The Western civilization faced rises and falls caused by wars, invaders and other factors. All the events contributed on what the West has in the present civilization today. References: A Review of Western Civilization. Retrieved August 14, 2010 from http://www. wadsworth. com/history_d/templates/student_resources/0534600085_spielvogel/VolumeIIto1550. html